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Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic response on GI infection surveillance trends in England, January 2020–April 2022
- Nicola K. Love, Amy Douglas, Saheer Gharbia, Helen Hughes, Roger Morbey, Isabel Oliver, Gillian E. Smith, Alex J. Elliot
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 151 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 August 2023, e147
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Stepwise non-pharmaceutical interventions and health system changes implemented as part of the COVID-19 response have had implications on the incidence, diagnosis, and reporting of other communicable diseases. Here, we established the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak response on gastrointestinal (GI) infection trends using routinely collected surveillance data from six national English laboratory, outbreak, and syndromic surveillance systems using key dates of governmental policy to assign phases for comparison between pandemic and historic data. Following decreases across all indicators during the first lockdown (March–May 2020), bacterial and parasitic pathogens associated with foodborne or environmental transmission routes recovered rapidly between June and September 2020, while those associated with travel and/or person-to-person transmission remained lower than expected for 2021. High out-of-season norovirus activity was observed with the easing of lockdown measures between June and October 2021, with this trend reflected in laboratory and outbreak systems and syndromic surveillance indicators. Above expected increases in emergency department (ED) attendances may have reflected changes in health-seeking behaviour and provision. Differential reductions across specific GI pathogens are indicative of the underlying routes of transmission. These results provide further insight into the drivers for transmission, which can help inform control measures for GI infections.
Enforcement of Orders in The Family Justice System
- Edited by Jens Scherpe, Aalborg University, Denmark, Stephen Gilmore, King's College London
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- Book:
- Family Matters
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 20 April 2023
- Print publication:
- 22 September 2022, pp 115-128
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Summary
1. INTRODUCTION
John Eekelaar was probably the first scholar in the United Kingdom systematically to combine theoretical, contextual and empirical insights with doctrinal rigour, in order to explore how family law operates in practice, as well as in theory. His work has set a benchmark for everyone working in the field, and it is a great privilege to contribute to this Festschriftin his honour.
In one of his early works, Family Law and Social Policy, Eekelaar identified three ‘grounds for modern state intervention in family living’:
The first is to provide mechanisms and rules for adjusting the relationships between family members when family units break down. The second is to provide protection for individuals from possible harms suffered within the family. The third is to support the maintenance of family relationships.
Most family law litigation concerns the future arrangements for family members, rather than identifying liability or responsibility for events or actions that have already taken place. The orders that the family courts make may involve all three of Eekelaar’s grounds for intervention: to adjust the parties’ arrangements, for example as to the sharing of their finances, or co-parenting their children; to protect family members from abusive relationships, for example by controlling the abuser’s behaviour; and to support the maintenance of family relationships despite changes in living arrangements, where it is safe to do so – an aim strongly evident in the approach taken in the family courts to post-separation parenting.
In England and Wales, the vast majority of families resolve these matters for themselves without involving the court, and most applications that are made to the court are settled. It does not follow that such families make ‘good’ agreements and live happily ever after. However, those cases that result in a court order, particularly a contested one, will undoubtedly include families who continue to struggle to arrive at a workable ongoing relationship, even if the court proceedings have supposedly been completed. In a proportion of these cases there may be continuing litigation, perhaps for many years, as one or the other party refuses to accept the court’s decision and seeks its variation. In others, there may be a steadfast refusal to comply with the terms of an order.
List of Cases
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018, pp xvii-xxiv
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Part III - The Future for Family and Child Law
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
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- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp 313-314
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Contents
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018, pp ix-xvi
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List of Contributors
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
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- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp xxv-xxviii
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International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Essays in Honour of Nigel Lowe
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018
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Professor Nigel Lowe is the leading expert in international family law, with a world-wide reputation for his work in child law, international family relocation and child abduction. His career, spanning more than 40 years, has produced a huge body of literature and is internationally influential and of particular importance within Europe. A collaborative effort by members of the judiciary, practitioners and fellow academics from both the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law is a recognition of the impact of his work. It covers key issues in international child and family law including those in which Professor Lowe's work has been particularly influential, namely adoption, wardship, parental responsibility, children's rights, international family relocation and the 1980 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction. International and transnational family law has been a developing field of study and a growing area of legal practice over recent years. At a time of great international change and with the complications and implications of Brexit, this book covers many of the key issues in family law today and provides the reader with an exploration of possible future developments in the field. GILLIAN DOUGLAS is Professor of Law and Executive Dean of the Dickson Poon School of Law, King's College London. She is a Fellow of the British Academy, the Learned Society of Wales and the Academy of Social Sciences. She is a co-editor of the Child and Family Law Quarterly and a case reports editor for the Family Law journal. MERVYN MURCH CBE is Emeritus Professor in Cardiff University's School of Law and Politics. For over 40 years he has undertaken socio-legal family law research associated with social policy and law reform. VICTORIA STEPHENS is a freelance legal researcher, currently working for the Hague Conference on Private International Law. She also works as a project manager at the international NGO, IREX Europe, and has previously worked for the UK Cabinet Office, Department of Health and the Law Commission of England and Wales.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
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- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp i-iv
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Part I - Family and Child Law in England and Wales
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp 7-8
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Part II - International Family Law
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp 123-124
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Commitment-Based Parenting: Parental Responsibility in English Law
- from Part I - Family and Child Law in England and Wales
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- By Gillian Douglas, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
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- 14 June 2018, pp 39-52
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
I had the privilege of teaching Family Law at the University of Bristol with Nigel from the late 1970s. Nigel's Family Law course was rather different from others at that time, since he was absolutely clear that the law relating to the parent – child relationship should form a significant part of the syllabus rather than being confined, as was then common, to a few weeks of study at the end of the course. He rightly identified that the shift in family relationships away from marriage rendered the concept and content of legal parenthood of increasing importance and he was determined to reflect this approach in his teaching. I have had the enormous benefit of Nigel's example, advice and wisdom, to draw on for the rest of my academic career, as a colleague (first at Bristol and later, at CardiffUniversity), collaborator (on empirical projects, as co-editors – initially with Stephen Cretney – of the case reports in the journal Family Law, and as co-authors of Bromley's Family Law), and friend.
In this chapter, drawing on Nigel's original insight regarding the centrality of the parent – child relationship, I examine developments in the law in England and Wales governing the grant to, and exercise by, fathers, of parental responsibility. I seek to show that in determining this issue, the law has increasingly come to equate personal ‘commitment’ – by which is meant the emotional dedication that the father shows towards the child – with the child's best interests, confusing parental inclination with children's welfare. I illustrate this thesis through a focus on two key areas: the automatic grant of parental responsibility to unmarried fathers who are recorded on the birth register; and the allocation of caring time between separated parents in shared parenting arrangements.
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
In English law, while all married or civilly partnered parents have parental responsibility automatically from the child's birth, in the case of unmarried parents, only the legal mother holds parental responsibility and the father has to take steps to acquire it to share with her.
Introduction: Nigel Vaughan Lowe: An Appreciation
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- By Gillian Douglas, King's College London, United Kingdom, Mervyn Murch, CardiffUniversity, United Kingdom, Victoria Stephens, Freelance Researcher based in Lyon, France
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018, pp 1-6
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Summary
As a young lad Nigel used to collect train numbers. That was in the 1960s in the last days of British Rail steam engines. With other boys he would travel all over the country in search of some rare engine – perhaps a GWR Castle, a LMS Coronation or an elusive ‘Black Five’. So determined was he that he would sometimes trespass on the railway and creep into some smoky old engine shed to find that much-sought-aft er missing number to complete his list. Occasionally he was caught and chased away but he would return when the coast was clear. Who would have thought such a minor juvenile delinquent would turn into the distinguished academic investigator that we all know and admire today?
But pause a moment and reflect. What are the characteristics revealed in the escapades of the young adolescent all those years ago? Three things stand out which mark his work today: first, a certain obsessive love of numbers; secondly, an unwavering determination to pursue his goals; and thirdly, a love of travelling, particularly by train. Let us explain …
Nigel began his career in the Law at the University of Sheffield (1966 – 1969), studying, inter alia, with Mary Hayes (now Professor Emeritus), who taught him Family Law. He was awarded a Duke of Edinburgh Entrance Scholarship and called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1972, but he began his academic career, slightly unusually for those days, by taking a post as a Research Associate at the University of Birmingham's Institute of Judicial Administration from 1969 – 1971. There, he worked with Professor Gordon Borrie on a major book, The Law of Contempt (1st edn. 1973). That period of focused concentration on exploring a complex, and at times very technical, legal subject gave him valuable experience on which to build his future independent research and scholarship: he has never been afraid to tackle difficult and large legal questions; he has always been a master of the ‘black letter law’ and he has always seen the policy and practice implications of legal developments.
Acknowledgements
- Edited by Gillian Douglas, Mervyn Murch, Victoria Stephens
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- Book:
- International and National Perspectives on Child and Family Law
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 12 October 2018
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018, pp vii-viii
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Winner of the SLS Annual Conference Best Paper Prize 2015: Towards an understanding of the basis of obligation and commitment in family law
- Gillian Douglas
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- Journal:
- Legal Studies / Volume 36 / Issue 1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 1-19
- Print publication:
- March 2016
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Much family law scholarship in recent years has been focused on the recognition of different types of family relationship. Often, the rationale for the grant of rights and duties to new forms of relationship is said to be because the parties have shown commitment, or the same degree of commitment, as those in formally recognised unions, such as marriage. But there has been relatively little consideration of why or how commitment can provide an adequate rationale for the imposition of legal consequences, in particular, legal obligations, especially when such commitment may be lacking on the part of one of the parties, or comes to an end. This paper explores the meanings of obligation and commitment within the family and questions whether commitment provides a necessary or sufficient justification for the imposition of legal obligations in family relationships.
The CNDR: Collaborating to Translate New Therapies for Canadians
- Lawrence Korngut, Craig Campbell, Megan Johnston, Timothy Benstead, Angela Genge, Alex MacKenzie, Anna McCormick, Douglas Biggar, Pierre Bourque, Hannah Briemberg, Colleen O'Connell, Suzan Dojeiji, Joseph Dooley, Ian Grant, Gillian Hogan, Wendy Johnston, Sanjay Kalra, Hans D. Katzberg, Jean K. Mah, Laura McAdam, Hugh J. McMillan, Michel Melanson, Kathryn Selby, Christen Shoesmith, Garth Smith, Shannon L. Venance, Joy Wee,
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 40 / Issue 5 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 September 2014, pp. 698-704
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Background:
Patient registries represent an important method of organizing “real world” patient information for clinical and research purposes. Registries can facilitate clinical trial planning and recruitment and are particularly useful in this regard for uncommon and rare diseases. Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are individually rare but in aggregate have a significant prevalence. In Canada, information on NMDs is lacking. Barriers to performing Canadian multicentre NMD research exist which can be overcome by a comprehensive and collaborative NMD registry.
Methods:We describe the objectives, design, feasibility and initial recruitment results for the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry (CNDR).
Results:The CNDR is a clinic-based registry which launched nationally in June 2011, incorporates paediatric and adult neuromuscular clinics in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and, as of December 2012, has recruited 1161 patients from 12 provinces and territories. Complete medical datasets have been captured on 460 “index disease” patients. Another 618 “non-index” patients have been recruited with capture of physician-confirmed diagnosis and contact information. We have demonstrated the feasibility of blended clinic and central office-based recruitment. “Index disease” patients recruited at the time of writing include 253 with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 161 with myotonic dystrophy, and 71 with ALS.
Conclusions:The CNDR is a new nationwide registry of patients with NMDs that represents an important advance in Canadian neuromuscular disease research capacity. It provides an innovative platform for organizing patient information to facilitate clinical research and to expedite translation of recent laboratory findings into human studies.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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eight - Communicating in divorced families
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 79-88
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter explores how, and to what extent, the three generations in our group of divorced families communicated with each other about marriage breakdown and its consequences. First, it looks at the way that parents warned their own parents about their impending separation, and then investigates what the grandchildren told their mothers, fathers and grandparents about their relationships with the ‘other side’ of their divided families. The chapter also investigates whether or not children were used as conduits for the flow of information between the two sides of the divorced family.
Telling grandparents about the planned separation
Although grandparents were not asked directly when and how they were told about the breakdown of their child’s marriage, the interview guide included questions about their relationships with grandchildren before and after the separation. Almost half the grandparents interviewed mentioned their surprise at learning of their child’s separation. It was common for parents to hide their marriage problems from their own parents and the news of the separation often came as a shock to grandparents. Parents admitted that they were reluctant to take grandparents into their confidence, but their explanations made it clear that this was neither symptomatic of a lack of affection nor a failure to anticipate the likely effects of their separation on the wider family. A rather similar conclusion, it may be recalled, was made as a result of the investigation of children’s reluctance to confide in their grandparents when they felt upset or worried about family break-up (see Chapter Three).
The deliberate concealment of problems might be interpreted as evidence that parents did not consider grandparents to be involved. However, divorced couples were also concerned about disappointing their parents; they were worried about invoking their displeasure and anxious to protect them from the pain of their divorce – feelings that are characteristic of many parent–child relationships. The interview data revealed that most mothers had worried needlessly and were pleasantly surprised by their parents’ reactions to being told that the marriage had ended. For example, Alfie’s mother recalled:
Really, my parents could have said to me, ‘What are you doing, splitting up? This is so wrong! Don’t be ridiculous! For goodness sake, pull yourself together!’ . But they listened to what I had to say. And, rightly or wrongly, they love me and they told me so.
three - Grandparents’ relationships with grandchildren: continuity and change
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 21-32
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Summary
A changing relationship
In Chapter Two, we discussed some of the factors that previous studies have indicated influence the nature of grandparents’ relationships with their grandchildren. In this chapter, we ask: ‘What importance do grandchildren attach to their relationship with their grandparents and how might these relationships be affected by divorce? And, ‘is there evidence of continuity in the grandparent–grandchild relationship in divorced families as well as evidence of change as the result of family break-up?’.
Grandparent’s relationships with their grandchildren
The studies reviewed in Chapter Two made it clear that grandparent age is related to the frequency of grandparents’ contact with their grandchildren and that older grandchildren have less contact with their grandparents. But does this mean that they are not as emotionally close to their grandparents? Here, we begin by considering the views of some teenage grandchildren and their feelings about their grandparents. They reported that they have close relationships with their grandparents, but this assertion was often accompanied by apparently contradictory evidence of a growing emotional distance. Being ‘close to grandparents’ could mean seeing them regularly, enjoying their company, sharing intimacies and expressing affection. However, we discovered that the phrase need not imply anything about frequency of contact and was used on occasion to mean ‘nurturing positive feelings’. Evidence from divorced parents suggested that older grandchildren saw their grandparents less frequently than their younger brothers and sisters. Mothers, we discovered, occasionally reminded their children that they had not seen their grandparents for some time and persuaded them to accompany them on a visit to their grandparents’ home. They reported a gradual reduction in their children’s contact with their grandparents. Most felt that this did not mean that relationships could no longer be described as ‘close’ or that grandchildren and grandparents felt less affection for each other. It was, in parents’ opinions, understandable that the relationship should change.
Alfie’s mother had been separated for two years before her decree nisi was granted over four years ago. She had a particularly close relationship with her parents who lived about a mile away and had been very supportive of her and her three children, aged 12, 16 and 18. She commented that the maternal grandparents’ ‘unconditional love’ had taught her a lot about bringing up her own children.
Also available from The Policy Press
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 07 January 2004, pp 167-169
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nine - Taking sides
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
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- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 89-102
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Summary
Introduction
Following parental separation and divorce, grandparents in our study usually sympathised with their adult child and criticised the behaviour of their ex-son or ex-daughter-in-law. However, this was not the only strategy and, although it is recognised that divorce is a difficult process, some couples appeared to achieve reasonably harmonious arrangements and a minority of grandparents demonstrated that their non-partisan approach could also make a contribution to harmony. Most, however, did not think about the longer-term implications of their relationships with an ex-child-in-law. They were often angry and some were bitterly partisan in their feelings. Some grandparents took sides after the break-up and continued to harbour strong feelings of resentment for their sons or daughters-in-law long after their child’s marriage had ended. Parents often reported that their own parents had ceased contact with their exspouse because they held him or her responsible for the failure of the marriage. This was often presented as a natural feeling and one that might reasonably be expected of grandparents in a divorced family.
Grandparents’ partisan feelings
Twenty-five grandparenting couples and 11 lone grandparents in 30 different families were interviewed in the course of the research. There were 21 interviews with maternal grandparents and 15 with paternal grandparents. Five maternal and two paternal grandparents took an apparently neutral stance when asked about their relationship with their ex-child-in-law. They said that they were ‘civil’ and ‘polite’ to their child’s ex-spouse or explained that there was ‘no contact but no animosity’. In nine grandparent interviews (five with maternal and four with paternal grandparents) it was clear that they had retained friendly relationships with their divorced child’s ex-spouse. However, more than half of our grandparents (11 maternal and 9 paternal) expressed resentment.
Grandparents’ resentment
Ann’s parents and maternal and paternal grandparents were all interviewed. Ann is eight years old and has a three-year-old brother. Ann has learning difficulties (this aspect of her relationship with her grandparents was discussed in Chapter Four of this book).
Ann’s parents divorced two years ago and Ann’s father had a new partner. Ann’s mother had maintained friendly relationships with the paternal grandparents but the maternal grandparents were angry with their ex-son-in-law. Ann’s mother took Ann and her brother to see her ex-husband’s parents almost every week.